Vol 9 - May 2025 Evidence for Primary Care
Evidence for Primary Care: the latest evidence from the Trip Database
A summary of some of the most important new documents for primary care that have recently been added to the Trip Database
From Pelvic Pains to Pixels: When GPs, Hormones, and AI Steal the Spotlight
There are weeks when the clinical literature feels like a dry scroll of marginal gains and guideline updates. And then there are weeks like this, when the stars align and three wildly different articles manage to be oddly complementary—and, dare we say it, even entertaining.
Let’s start in an underappreciated corner of the body: the male pelvis. The new AUA guideline reminds us that chronic pelvic pain in men is no laughing matter—unless you consider how long it’s been misunderstood. This is not your grandfather’s “just deal with it” urology. Instead, we now have structured evaluations, multimodal management plans, and a reminder that yes, psychological support is legitimate care—not a referral of last resort. One might say it's a new dawn for scrotal content pain, a term that frankly sounds like it should come with a trigger warning.
Speaking of heat in unexpected places, the CADTH review on menopausal hormone therapy invites us to revisit the classic debate: patch or pill? The answer, like all good hormone therapy decisions, is “it depends”—but transdermal estrogen may be gaining the upper hand, particularly if you’d like to dodge a clot or three. Meanwhile, oral therapy still flirts with your lipids, for better or worse. Either way, we’re encouraged to pick our poison thoughtfully, and with shared decision-making—because nothing says “empowerment” like comparing pharmacokinetics during a hot flash.
And then there’s AI. Specifically, the kind that listens to your clinic conversations and magically turns them into documentation. The NHS is flirting with the idea that these ambient scribes could be our salvation—liberating us from the tyranny of the keyboard and letting us lock eyes with patients once again. Imagine: less typing, fewer missed cues, and perhaps, one day, the ability to finish clinic on time. The future is apparently hands-free and voice-activated—just don’t ask it to deal with scrotal pain (yet).
Taken together, these studies suggest a subtle shift in modern medicine: we’re getting better at listening. Whether it’s the patient with persistent pain finally being taken seriously, the menopausal woman being offered tailored options, or an AI literally transcribing our conversations, the theme is clear: attentiveness is back in style.
Now if only someone could write guidelines on how to politely ask an AI scribe not to record our grumbling between consults.
In This Edition
- How Should Male Chronic Pelvic Pain, Including CP/CPPS and Chronic Scrotal Content Pain, Be Diagnosed and Managed?
- Should Transdermal or Oral Menopausal Hormone Therapy Be Preferred for Managing Menopausal Symptoms?
- Can Artificial Intelligence Be Safely Used to Assess and Triage Skin Lesions Referred to the Urgent Suspected Skin Cancer Pathway?
- Should Pregnant Women Be Vaccinated Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) to Protect Themselves and Their Infants?
- Do Cardioprotective Glucose-Lowering Drugs Reduce the Risk of Dementia?
- How Should Hypercholesterolemia Be Managed in Adults Over 75 Without Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease?
- Is the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme Effective and Cost-Effective in Reducing Type 2 Diabetes Risk?
- How Should Scabies Cases and Outbreaks Be Managed in Communal Residential Settings?
- Can a Risk-Based Approach Improve the Primary Prevention of Heart Failure?
- What Are the Risks of Overusing Short-Acting Beta-Agonists (SABAs) in Asthma and What Has Changed in Prescribing Guidance?
- Should Transdermal Estrogen Be Preferred Over Oral Estrogen in Feminizing Hormone Therapy?
- How Should Antidepressants Be Chosen for People With Coronary Heart Disease?
- Should Primary Care Physicians Perform Large Joint and Bursa Steroid Injections and Aspirations?
- How Should Obesity in Children Be Managed in Clinical Practice?
- Can Ambient Scribing with Generative AI Improve NHS Patient Care and Clinical Efficiency?
- Can a GP-Led Symptoms Clinic Improve Outcomes for Patients with Persistent Physical Symptoms?
American Urological Association
How Should Male Chronic Pelvic Pain, Including CP/CPPS and Chronic Scrotal Content Pain, Be Diagnosed and Managed?
Clinical Bottom Line: Male chronic pelvic pain—including chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and chronic scrotal content pain (CSCP)—requires a structured, patient-centered diagnostic and therapeutic approach. A thorough initial evaluation to exclude other conditions is essential. Management should be individualized, typically starting with non-surgical, multimodal strategies including behavioral, pharmacologic, physical, and psychological therapies. Shared decision-making is key, and ineffective treatments should be discontinued. Surgery is generally reserved for refractory cases with clearly localized symptoms.
Summary: This 2025 AUA guideline outlines a comprehensive, evidence-based approach to diagnosing and managing male chronic pelvic pain, including CP/CPPS and chronic scrotal content pain (CSCP). Diagnosis involves a thorough clinical evaluation to exclude other causes and may include imaging, questionnaires, and specialist referral when needed. Management should be individualized and typically begins with non-surgical, multimodal treatments such as lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic therapy (e.g., alpha-blockers, NSAIDs, neuropathic agents), physical therapies, and psychological support. Procedures like shockwave therapy, TENS, acupuncture, and surgical interventions are reserved for specific or refractory cases. The guideline discourages repeated antibiotic use without infection and unwarranted surgical or psychological interventions without appropriate assessment.
View ArticleCADTH
Should Transdermal or Oral Menopausal Hormone Therapy Be Preferred for Managing Menopausal Symptoms?
Clinical Bottom Line: Transdermal menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) may offer safety advantages over oral MHT—particularly a lower risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)—while providing similar effectiveness in relieving vasomotor symptoms and improving sleep. Oral MHT may have a more favorable effect on cholesterol profiles but carries a potentially higher risk of VTE. Evidence is limited and inconsistent regarding cardiovascular outcomes, and cost-effectiveness data are lacking. Current guidelines increasingly favor transdermal MHT for patients at risk of cardiovascular events, VTE, or gallbladder disease.
Summary: This rapid review assessed the comparative evidence between transdermal and oral MHT for managing menopausal symptoms. Findings from 7 systematic reviews, 4 primary studies, and 3 clinical guidelines suggest that transdermal MHT may be safer for individuals at risk of blood clots and possibly heart disease, while offering comparable symptom relief to oral formulations. Oral MHT may be more effective in improving cholesterol but may elevate triglyceride levels. Although both routes appear similarly effective in addressing hot flashes and sleep problems, the evidence base remains limited, especially for long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Guidelines support individualized decision-making, with transdermal MHT often recommended for patients with elevated cardiovascular or thrombotic risk.
View ArticleNICE
Can Artificial Intelligence Be Safely Used to Assess and Triage Skin Lesions Referred to the Urgent Suspected Skin Cancer Pathway?
Clinical Bottom Line: NICE supports the conditional use of the AI tool DERM within NHS teledermatology services to help assess and triage skin lesions referred via the urgent suspected skin cancer pathway. Early evidence suggests DERM may safely identify cancerous and non-cancerous lesions with similar accuracy to current methods, potentially reducing unnecessary referrals. However, concerns remain around diagnostic performance in people with darker skin tones, classification of non-cancer conditions, and system capacity. Ongoing evidence generation and careful governance are required before routine adoption.
Summary: This NICE early value assessment evaluates the AI tool DERM for triaging skin lesions referred under the urgent suspected skin cancer pathway. Evidence suggests DERM performs similarly to teledermatology or face-to-face review in detecting cancers, with high sensitivity and moderate specificity. Its use could reduce unnecessary referrals and biopsies, improving efficiency in dermatology services. However, DERM has been primarily tested in people with lighter skin, and further validation in diverse populations is essential. During a 3-year evidence generation period, DERM may be used within NHS services if proper oversight and safeguards are in place, especially for people with black or brown skin. Final recommendations will depend on outcomes from this evidence-gathering phase.
View ArticleEuropean Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Should Pregnant Women Be Vaccinated Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) to Protect Themselves and Their Infants?
Clinical Bottom Line: The European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG) recommends a single dose of the RSVpreF (Abrysvo) vaccine for all pregnant women early in the third trimester. This strategy significantly reduces severe RSV disease in infants, with a favorable safety profile for both mother and baby. Repeat vaccination in subsequent pregnancies is not currently advised due to limited data. For infants of previously vaccinated mothers, monoclonal antibody (nirsevimab) is recommended instead.
Summary: RSV poses significant health risks to both pregnant women and their infants, especially in the first months of life. EBCOG endorses maternal vaccination with the RSVpreF vaccine in the early third trimester to prevent severe RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections in newborns. Clinical trials demonstrate high vaccine efficacy (up to 82% within 90 days after birth) and a strong safety profile, although rare adverse events have been noted. The position also highlights that repeat vaccination is not currently recommended and that monoclonal antibody prophylaxis should be offered to infants of previously vaccinated mothers. The recommendation aligns with guidance from WHO, ACOG, and public health authorities across several countries.
View ArticleJAMA Neurol.
Do Cardioprotective Glucose-Lowering Drugs Reduce the Risk of Dementia?
Clinical Bottom Line: Cardioprotective glucose-lowering therapies overall were not associated with a statistically significant reduction in dementia or cognitive impairment. However, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) showed a significant protective effect, suggesting potential benefits for dementia prevention in patients with diabetes. No such effect was observed for SGLT2 inhibitors, and metformin was not assessed in eligible trials.
Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials (over 160,000 participants) investigated whether cardioprotective glucose-lowering agents reduce dementia risk. While the overall association was not statistically significant, subgroup analysis revealed that GLP-1RAs were linked to a 45% reduction in dementia risk. No benefit was found for SGLT2 inhibitors or pioglitazone, and no eligible trials assessed metformin. These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of GLP-1RAs in diabetes care, although more targeted research is needed.
View ArticleNational Lipid Association and the American Geriatrics Society
How Should Hypercholesterolemia Be Managed in Adults Over 75 Without Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease?
Clinical Bottom Line: In adults over 75 without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), elevated LDL-C remains a predictor of future events, and statin therapy may reduce ASCVD risk with generally favorable benefit-risk balance. Given limited trial data in this age group, decisions should be individualized, considering comorbidities, frailty, functional status, and life expectancy. Shared decision-making is essential, and deprescribing may be appropriate for those with limited life expectancy or significant treatment burden.
Summary: This expert consensus from the National Lipid Association and American Geriatrics Society addresses the complex management of hypercholesterolemia in adults over 75 without clinical ASCVD. While evidence from younger populations supports statin use, direct evidence in older adults is sparse. Nonetheless, data suggest a potential reduction in ASCVD events with statins, and concerns over cognitive harm appear unsupported by most studies. The panel emphasizes shared decision-making, individualized risk assessment, and a patient-centered approach. Non-statin therapies lack robust data, and deprescribing should be considered for those with limited prognosis or burdensome therapy.
View ArticleNIHR
Is the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme Effective and Cost-Effective in Reducing Type 2 Diabetes Risk?
Clinical Bottom Line: The NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS-DPP) significantly reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes and is highly likely to be cost-effective. However, programme uptake, adherence, and outcomes vary based on psychosocial factors, practice referral patterns, and provider delivery, indicating areas for improvement in implementation.
Summary: The DIPLOMA research programme evaluated the long-term impact of the NHS-DPP, a large-scale behavioural intervention aimed at preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults in England. The programme was associated with meaningful reductions in diabetes incidence and demonstrated strong cost-effectiveness. While generally effective, its impact was moderated by patient beliefs, variations in GP referral rates, and differences in provider performance. These findings have already informed improvements in delivery and point to further opportunities to enhance access, engagement, and consistency.
View ArticleUK Health Security Agency
How Should Scabies Cases and Outbreaks Be Managed in Communal Residential Settings?
Clinical Bottom Line: Prompt treatment of scabies cases and co-ordinated management of contacts are essential to control outbreaks in communal settings. Oral ivermectin is now a licensed option. Infection control, hygiene, and communication are key, especially in high-risk environments.
Summary: The UKHSA 2025 guidance outlines practical steps for managing scabies in settings like care homes and hostels. Early treatment, contact tracing, and co-ordinated mass treatment are central. Crusted scabies and complex environments require tailored approaches and may involve Health Protection Teams.
View ArticleAmerican Heart Association
Can a Risk-Based Approach Improve the Primary Prevention of Heart Failure?
Clinical Bottom Line: Heart failure (HF) prevention should adopt a risk-based strategy using validated prediction tools (e.g., PREVENT equations), early detection (biomarkers, imaging), and targeted interventions like SGLT2 inhibitors. This approach aligns with established methods for atherosclerotic disease and may improve outcomes and reduce disparities.
Summary: This American Heart Association statement advocates for a shift toward risk-based primary prevention of HF, using multivariable prediction tools, pre-HF screening (e.g., natriuretic peptides), and evidence-based therapies. While guidelines now support this model, implementation challenges and equity gaps remain.
View ArticleMHRA
What Are the Risks of Overusing Short-Acting Beta-Agonists (SABAs) in Asthma and What Has Changed in Prescribing Guidance?
Clinical Bottom Line: Overuse of SABAs like salbutamol and terbutaline increases the risk of severe asthma attacks and death. Current guidelines no longer support SABA monotherapy; an inhaled corticosteroid must always be co-prescribed. Regularly review patients with high SABA use or poor adherence to preventer therapy.
Summary: UK guidance highlights that frequent SABA use, even alongside preventers, is linked to worse asthma outcomes. New prescribing standards advise against SABA use without inhaled corticosteroids. Alternatives such as AIR and MART are now preferred for many, especially those over 12 with poorly controlled asthma.
View ArticleCADTH
Should Transdermal Estrogen Be Preferred Over Oral Estrogen in Feminizing Hormone Therapy?
Clinical Bottom Line: Transdermal and oral estrogen appear similarly effective for feminizing hormone therapy, but transdermal estrogen may carry lower cardiometabolic risk. Guidelines suggest its use in older individuals or those with higher cardiovascular risk. However, evidence is limited, and patient-centred outcomes remain understudied.
Summary: This rapid review compared transdermal and oral estrogen in gender-affirming care. While data are limited, available studies suggest similar feminizing outcomes and bone health, with a possible safety advantage for transdermal estrogen in cardiometabolic risk. Guidelines recommend transdermal routes for higher-risk individuals, but more robust research is needed to guide first-line treatment decisions.
View ArticleSpecialist Pharmacy Service
How Should Antidepressants Be Chosen for People With Coronary Heart Disease?
Clinical Bottom Line: In patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), sertraline is the first-line antidepressant due to its favorable cardiac safety profile. Citalopram, escitalopram, TCAs, and MAOIs carry significant cardiovascular risks and should generally be avoided or used with caution and monitoring.
Summary: Depression is common in people with CHD but antidepressant choice requires caution due to potential cardiovascular side effects. SSRIs—especially sertraline—are preferred, while citalopram and escitalopram require ECG monitoring due to QT prolongation risk. TCAs and MAOIs should be avoided when possible. Individual risk, drug interactions, and patient preferences should guide treatment.
View ArticleJ Gen Intern Med.
Should Primary Care Physicians Perform Large Joint and Bursa Steroid Injections and Aspirations?
Clinical Bottom Line: Primary care physicians can safely and effectively perform large joint and bursa steroid injections and aspirations. These procedures improve access, reduce costs, and maintain patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes comparable to those done by specialists.
Summary: This review evaluated 132 studies on large joint and bursa steroid injections and aspirations performed by primary care physicians. The findings support the safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of these procedures in primary care, highlighting benefits in cost savings, reduced wait times, and high patient satisfaction. With appropriate training, primary care can confidently deliver this care without compromising quality.
View ArticleCMAJ
How Should Obesity in Children Be Managed in Clinical Practice?
Clinical Bottom Line: Pediatric obesity should be managed through individualized, family-centered care emphasizing multicomponent behavioural and psychological interventions. Pharmacologic and surgical options may be considered in select cases, with shared decision-making guiding all treatment choices.
Summary: This Canadian guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for managing childhood obesity. Core management relies on behavioural and psychological support, with pharmacologic and surgical treatments as conditional options based on feasibility and family preference. The approach emphasizes stigma-free care, social determinants of health, and shared decision-making tailored to each child’s context and needs.
View ArticleNHS England
Can Ambient Scribing with Generative AI Improve NHS Patient Care and Clinical Efficiency?
Clinical Bottom Line: Ambient scribing technologies powered by Generative AI offer a promising solution to enhance clinical documentation, reduce administrative burden, and improve patient-clinician interactions. Early trials show improved efficiency, patient satisfaction, and data quality, with potential for widespread adoption across NHS care settings.
Summary: Ambient scribing products use voice recognition and AI to transcribe clinician–patient conversations into structured documentation. Trials within NHS settings suggest these tools reduce administrative workload, enhance documentation accuracy, and increase face-to-face time with patients. They may support clinician well-being, reduce costs, and improve data quality. National rollout and implementation guidance are underway to ensure safe, compliant integration into NHS systems
View ArticleNIHR
Can a GP-Led Symptoms Clinic Improve Outcomes for Patients with Persistent Physical Symptoms?
Clinical Bottom Line: A short-term, GP-led Symptoms Clinic for patients with persistent physical symptoms significantly reduced symptom burden after 12 months and appears to be cost-effective. The intervention is safe, acceptable to patients, and may be a valuable addition to standard care.
Summary: This UK-based randomized controlled trial evaluated a GP-delivered Symptoms Clinic for patients with persistent physical symptoms. Compared to usual care, the intervention led to a statistically and clinically significant reduction in symptom severity (PHQ-15 score difference −1.82, p < 0.001) at 52 weeks. The intervention was delivered safely, with no increase in adverse events, and showed an estimated cost-effectiveness of £15,751 per QALY. Findings support wider implementation, though further research is needed on integration into routine practice.
View Article